The Design+Encyclopedia is a crowdsourced online dictionary for design-related terms, personalities, and topics that provides a rich reference on design by award-winning professional designers, artists, architects, engineers, and innovators. Everyone can be a contributor. Here we provide a concise list of content guidelines, a bigger list is available at the Design+Encyclopedia page of the A' Design Awards.
The Design+Encyclopedia allows for the inclusion of subjective opinions and personal perspectives, in addition to objective facts, as design, art, architecture, innovation and creativity fields have many subjective contexts and considerations. However, when possible, we recommend all entries should preferably be based on credible and verifiable sources, and authors are highly suggested to clearly distinguish between their own opinions and objective facts.
The Design+Encyclopedia allows for the inclusion of the following types of content:
The Design+Encyclopedia does not allow for the inclusion of the following types of content:
Abraham Rademaker was a Dutch painter, draughtsman, and etcher who lived and worked during the Dutch Golden Age. His works, which mainly focused on landscapes, still life, seascapes, and genre scenes, are known for their creative finesse, scientific accuracy, and unique blend of realism and expressionism. His excellent painting technique and masterful use of color helped him to capture light and movement in ways that were never seen before. His works, which are now featured in many of the world’s most renowned art collections, continue to inspire modern painters to create works that capture light and movement with the same level of finesse and accuracy. Rademaker’s influence on the Dutch Golden Age is undeniable, as he helped to shape the artistic landscape of the time and inspired many of the great Dutch painters of the 17th century.
Dutch painter, Dutch Golden Age, Abraham Rademaker, landscapes, still life, seascapes, genre scenes, realism, expressionism, painting technique, color, light, movement.
Adolphus Da Karolis is a renowned artist and designer known for his unique and captivating visual style. He has gained worldwide recognition for his works, which span a wide range of mediums, including glass, ceramics, paintings, sculptures, installations, and murals. His art is characterized by its emotive nature, surrealism, and use of bold colors, intricate textures, and symbolism. Adolphus's works often convey complex ideas and messages, exploring new possibilities in his art. In addition to his artistic pursuits, Adolphus Da Karolis is also a highly acclaimed designer and creative. He has been commissioned to create art for various public and private projects, including large-scale sculptures and murals. His works have been featured in numerous exhibitions and galleries, and he continues to push boundaries and innovate in his field. Adolphus Da Karolis's most acclaimed works include Il Viale di Sogni Caroselli, La Processione della Vita, and Elefante d'Acqua. These works showcase his unique style and emotive nature, evoking a dreamlike atmosphere and conveying complex messages through the use of symbolism and metaphor. Overall, Adolphus Da Karolis is a multifaceted artist and designer who continues to captivate and inspire audiences around the world. His works are a testament to his creativity, innovation, and unique vision, and he remains a prominent figure in the art world today.
artist, designer, glass, ceramics, paintings, sculptures, installations, murals, emotive, surrealism, symbolism, innovation
Award Public Utility Design is a sub-category of the A' Design Awards, which recognizes excellence in the fields of design, innovation, technology and creativity. The award has been established as a platform to honor, recognize and promote designers, artists, architects and brands globally. The award seeks to recognize good design practices in all aspects of public utility design, from consumer goods to public works. In particular, the award seeks to honor designs which demonstrate a deep understanding of the community and its needs, while also being aesthetically pleasing and effective. The Award Public Utility Design recognizes excellence in design, innovation, creativity and sustainability, with the aim of helping to create a better world.
Award Public Utility Design, A' Design Award, Public Utility Design, Creativity, Innovative Design, Sustainability.
Aeroelastic Sculptures is a specialized form of kinetic art that harnesses the dynamic interaction between aerodynamic forces and elastic materials to create moving, wind-responsive installations. These sophisticated artistic structures combine principles of aerodynamics, structural engineering, and aesthetic design to produce mesmerizing visual displays that respond to natural air currents. The concept emerged in the mid-20th century as artists began exploring the intersection of science, technology, and artistic expression, leading to groundbreaking innovations in public art and environmental installations. These sculptures typically employ lightweight, flexible materials such as metals, polymers, or composite materials that possess specific elastic properties, allowing them to bend, twist, and oscillate in response to wind forces while maintaining structural integrity. The design process involves careful consideration of material properties, wind behavior patterns, and structural mechanics to achieve the desired aesthetic and kinetic effects. Contemporary aeroelastic sculptures often incorporate advanced computational modeling and wind tunnel testing to optimize their performance and durability, making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor installations. These works serve multiple purposes, functioning as aesthetic landmarks, educational tools for understanding fluid dynamics, and environmental indicators that visualize invisible air patterns. The field continues to evolve with technological advancements, and notable examples have been recognized in various design competitions, including the A' Design Award, where innovative approaches to aeroelastic sculpture design have demonstrated the growing sophistication of this art form.
kinetic art, wind-responsive design, environmental installation, fluid dynamics
Alternate headwear is a type of fan art that involves creating an alternate look for a character through the use of different hairstyles, hats, or accessories. This is a popular form of fan art because it allows fans to express their creativity and customize the look of their favorite characters. This type of fan art is also used as a way to differentiate fan art from canon designs. By utilizing different hairstyles, hats, accessories, or other elements, fan artists are able to create unique takes on familiar characters.
Alternate headwear, fan art, customization, hairstyles, hats, accessories.
Andrea Sosinski is a highly creative and innovative designer, constantly pushing the boundaries of design and art. She has a unique eye for detail, which allows her to create objects that are both aesthetically pleasing and highly functional. She is also an accomplished project manager, with the ability to efficiently lead teams in the most complex and challenging of tasks. Andrea is a true master of her craft, and her commitment to excellence has resulted in some truly remarkable pieces that have been featured in several publications. She is truly an inspiration to those in the design industry, and her passion for creativity will undoubtedly lead to many more amazing works in the future.
Design, Creativity, Art, Porcelain, Innovation.
Automotive system design is a creative process that requires an understanding of both mechanical engineering and aesthetics. Designers must be able to think critically and imaginatively when creating a vehicle that is both visually appealing and technically sound. Automotive system designers must be aware of recent advances in technology and materials, and be able to identify and solve potential problems before they occur. In addition, the design process is highly collaborative, involving a variety of stakeholders, including vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and regulatory agencies. Automotive system design is a complex process that requires a comprehensive understanding of the engineering principles and the aesthetic aspects of the design. The designer must be able to identify and address potential issues before they become a problem, as well as think critically and creatively when designing a vehicle.
automotive design, automotive engineering, vehicle design, vehicle systems, mechanical engineering, aesthetic design.
AI and IoT (Internet of Things) is an interdisciplinary domain that integrates artificial intelligence (AI) with the Internet of Things (IoT) to create systems capable of advanced data analysis, autonomous decision-making, and interactive connectivity among physical devices. This convergence aims to enhance the efficiency, functionality, and intelligence of connected devices, enabling them to learn from data, predict outcomes, and operate semi-independently in a networked environment. The foundation of AI in IoT lies in the ability of devices to collect vast amounts of data through sensors and actuators, which AI algorithms then process to derive insights, automate tasks, or predict future states. This synergy has found applications across various sectors including smart homes, where it optimizes energy use and enhances security; in industrial settings, known as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), where it increases manufacturing efficiency and predictive maintenance; in healthcare, improving patient monitoring and treatment personalization; and in smart cities, enhancing urban management and sustainability. The historical evolution of AI and IoT reflects rapid technological advancements and the increasing demand for smart, interconnected systems that can adapt and respond to their environment. The integration of AI with IoT devices represents a significant shift towards more intelligent systems that can operate with minimal human intervention, learn from their environments, and make decisions based on real-time data. This evolution is marked by the development of more sophisticated sensors, enhanced connectivity options, and advancements in machine learning algorithms. The aesthetic and cultural significance of AI and IoT lies in their ability to invisibly integrate into the fabric of daily life, subtly enhancing user experiences and interactions with technology. The A' Design Award recognizes the innovative application of AI and IoT in product design and systems, highlighting the role of design in facilitating this integration. As technology progresses, the future of AI and IoT will likely see even greater convergence, with advancements in edge computing, 5G networks, and machine learning algorithms driving the development of more autonomous, efficient, and intelligent systems. The potential for AI and IoT to transform industries, economies, and societies is immense, promising a future where intelligent systems seamlessly support and enhance human capabilities.
Artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, smart devices, machine learning, data analysis, autonomous systems, sensor technology, predictive maintenance
Moldovan architecture is a reflection of the country's history. It is a combination of styles from the many cultural influences that have been present in the country over the centuries. One of the oldest styles of architecture in Moldova is the Moldovan Baroque, which was popular during the 17th and 18th centuries. This style was heavily influenced by the Italian Baroque and features grand facades and ornate decorations. Other styles of architecture that are found in Moldova include Gothic, Renaissance, and Neoclassical. More modern styles of architecture, such as Modernism, can also be seen in the country. These styles are often used in the design of government buildings, office complexes, and other civic structures. Architecture in Moldova is an important part of the country's identity and culture.
Moldovan architecture, design, Baroque, Gothic, Renaissance.
Archytecture is an incorrect spelling of the word Architecture in English language, stemming from phonetic interpretation and common typing errors. This misspelling frequently occurs due to the similar pronunciation of 'chi' and 'chy' sounds in various languages, particularly among non-native English speakers and in rapid digital communication. The correct term, Architecture, encompasses the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, spaces, and environments that serve human needs while adhering to aesthetic, functional, and technical requirements. Architecture represents one of the oldest and most fundamental design disciplines, combining artistic vision with engineering precision to create structures that shape our built environment. The field has evolved significantly throughout history, from ancient civilizations' monumental constructions to contemporary sustainable design practices. Modern architectural practice integrates advanced computational tools, environmental considerations, and innovative materials while maintaining core principles of form, function, and spatial organization. The discipline continues to adapt to changing societal needs, technological capabilities, and environmental challenges, making it a dynamic field that consistently attracts attention from design competitions such as the A' Design Award and Competition, where architectural innovations are recognized and celebrated. The misspelling Archytecture serves as a reminder of the importance of proper terminology in professional communication within the design field, where precision and clarity are paramount.
architecture spelling design construction building
Award Footwear is a sub-category of the A' Design Awards, an international awards program recognizing excellence in design and innovation. Award Footwear awards are presented to designers and companies who have created unique products, services and projects that demonstrate the highest level of creativity and ingenuity. Award Footwear celebrates innovation in design, as well as the technical and artistic skills that go into creating award-winning products. Award Footwear recognizes the importance of creating products that are comfortable, stylish and functional while being mindful of environmental sustainability.
Award Footwear, Design Innovation, Design Awards.
Architectural drawings are a vital component of the design and construction process in architecture. They are used to visually communicate the design ideas of an architect to the client, contractors, and other stakeholders. Architectural drawings can include floor plans, elevations, sections, details, and more. Floor plans are used to show the locations of walls, rooms, doors, windows, and other features. Elevations are used to illustrate the vertical relationships between different parts of the building. Sections are used to show the relationship between walls, floors, and other elements in three dimensions. Details are used to illustrate the finer details of a specific element or feature. Together, these drawings provide an accurate and detailed representation of the final design.
Architecture, Drawing, Design, Construction, Illustration.
Art is a diverse range of human activities that involve the creation of visual, auditory, or performing artifacts (artworks), which express the creator's imagination, conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. Art can be classified into various categories, including visual arts (such as painting, sculpture, and photography), performing arts (such as music, theater, and dance), and literary arts (such as poetry and prose). The history of art dates back to prehistoric times when early humans created cave paintings and rock art. Over time, art has evolved and transformed, reflecting the cultural, social, and political changes of the times. Art has been used for various purposes, including religious, political, and personal expression. Artists use a variety of techniques and materials to create their works, including paint, clay, stone, metal, and digital media. They often draw inspiration from their personal experiences, cultural traditions, and the world around them. Art has the power to evoke emotions, challenge perceptions, and inspire change. In conclusion, art is a vital aspect of human culture and history. It encompasses a wide range of creative expressions that reflect the diversity of human experiences and perspectives. Through art, we can explore and appreciate the beauty and complexity of the world around us.
visual arts, performing arts, literary arts, creativity, expression
Anna Vescovi is a renowned Fibers (Textile) designer from the United States of America. She is a graduate of the Savannah College of Art and Design, where she specialized in surface illustration, print design, art direction, and material innovation. Drawing on her prior experience as a professional dancer with Boston Ballet and Royal Danish Ballet, Vescovi's textile works are infused with an inspiring spirit of movement. Her work often reflects Scandinavian design principles expressed in print collections, fashion-forward textiles, and multi-disciplinary surfaces. Vescovi's designs have been widely recognized and published around the world, earning her numerous awards and accolades. Her unique blend of artistry, innovation, and storytelling is a testament to her creativity and talent. Anna Vescovi is a beacon for the Fibers (Textile) design industry, and her works are sure to continue to inspire for years to come.
Anna Vescovi
Anouk Aimée is a French artist from the mid-20th century, best known for her work in film, stage, and television. Her career in entertainment spanned more than fifty years and is marked by an immense body of work that has been critically acclaimed for its complexity and artistry. Aimée has been honored with several awards – including the coveted Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in A Man and A Woman in 1966. She has also been nominated for a BAFTA Award, an Emmy Award and three César Awards. Three of Aimée's most iconic works are her appearances in A Man and A Woman, 8½ and La Dolce Vita.
Anouk Aimée, French Artist, Cinema, Film, Actress, Television, César Award, Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Emmy Award.
Alessandro Algardi was one of the most renowned artists of the Baroque period, renowned for his talent in combining elements of classicism and Baroque. His works are admired for their beauty, grandeur and exquisite detail. He was a prolific artist, working in a wide range of genres, from sculpture to painting and the design of architectural complexes. His works are distinguished by their graceful, emotive qualities, which have made them timeless classics. His most iconic works include the bronze bust of Pope Paul V, the bronze statue of Pope Innocent X, the statue of St. Peter in the Vatican, the Fountain of the Four Rivers, the tomb of Pope Leo XI in St. Peter's Basilica and the monumental tomb of Christina of Sweden in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Algardi's art is an important part of the Italian Baroque movement, and has inspired generations of designers.
Baroque, Rome, sculpture, painting, architecture, design, art, Innocent X, Leo XI, Gregory XV, Urban VIII, Madonna, Paul V, St. Peter, Christina of Sweden, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Fountain of the Four Rivers.
Adult footwear refers to any type of shoe or footwear that is designed and intended for use by individuals who have reached adulthood. This can include a wide range of styles, materials, and designs that are suitable for various occasions and purposes, such as work, formal events, casual wear, sports, and outdoor activities. Adult footwear is typically made from durable and high-quality materials that provide comfort, protection, and support for the feet. One of the most important factors in adult footwear is the fit. Proper fitting footwear is essential for maintaining good foot health and preventing foot problems such as blisters, calluses, and bunions. Adult footwear should be chosen based on the shape and size of the foot, as well as the activity for which it will be used. It is also important to consider the arch support, cushioning, and breathability of the footwear to ensure maximum comfort and support. There are many different types of adult footwear available on the market, including dress shoes, athletic shoes, boots, sandals, and slippers. Each type of footwear is designed to meet specific needs and preferences, and may be made from a variety of materials such as leather, rubber, canvas, or synthetic fabrics. Additionally, adult footwear may be designed for specific activities such as hiking, running, or dancing, and may feature specialized features such as waterproofing or slip-resistant soles. Overall, adult footwear is an essential part of everyday life for many individuals. Whether for work or play, choosing the right type of footwear can make all the difference in terms of comfort, support, and style.
fit, foot health, arch support, cushioning, breathability
Arthur Fauser was a prominent German artist who made significant contributions to the art world during the 20th century. Born into a family of art collectors in 1898, Fauser was exposed to a wide range of art forms from an early age. He pursued his passion for art by studying at the University of Munich, where he developed a deep understanding of various art styles and techniques. Fauser's artistic style was characterized by its versatility and diversity. He experimented with a range of styles, including Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, and Dadaism. He was particularly known for his abstract landscapes, which were inspired by his love for nature and his travels across Europe. His paintings were often characterized by bold colors, intricate details, and a sense of movement that captured the essence of the natural world. Throughout his career, Fauser's artwork was exhibited in major galleries and museums across Germany, earning him critical acclaim and recognition. He was also the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including the prestigious Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition to his artistic contributions, Fauser was also a respected teacher and mentor. He served as a professor at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, where he inspired and influenced generations of young artists. His legacy continues to inspire artists and art enthusiasts around the world.
Arthur Fauser, German artist, 20th century, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, Dadaism, abstract landscapes, nature, exhibitions, awards, Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, mentor
Antonia Campi was a prominent Baroque painter who was born in Crema, Italy in 1608. She was a significant figure in the Lombardy region of northern Italy, where she developed her unique style of painting. Her works were known for their vivid use of color, dramatic gesture, and strong composition, which made them stand out from other Baroque paintings of the time. Antonia Campi was particularly renowned for her altarpieces, which were displayed in churches and cathedrals across the world. Antonia Campi was born into a family of painters, and she began her artistic training at a young age. She studied under her father, Giulio Campi, who was a well-known painter in Lombardy. Antonia Campi quickly developed her skills as a painter and began to create her own unique style. Her works were heavily influenced by the Baroque style, which was characterized by dramatic lighting, intense emotions, and vivid colors. Antonia Campi's most famous work is the 'Visitation' altarpiece, which is an oil painting that was purchased by the Pinacoteca di Brera in 1878. The painting depicts the visit of Mary to her cousin Elizabeth, and it is known for its vivid use of color and dramatic gesture. Another example of her work is the 'The Adoration of the Magi,' which was painted in 1620 and is now held in the private collection of the Duke of Northumberland. Antonia Campi's contributions to the world of art were significant, and she played a crucial role in the development of the Baroque style in Lombardy. Her works continue to inspire artists today, and they are still displayed in museums and galleries across the world.
Antonia Campi, Baroque painting, Lombardy, altarpieces, vivid colors
Augustin Hirschvogel was a German artist who lived during the Renaissance period. He is best known for his pioneering work in the art of etching, which revolutionized the way artists approached printmaking. Hirschvogel was a master of perspective, and his works are renowned for their incredible level of detail and accuracy in depicting cities and landscapes. He was also a keen observer of nature, and his works often feature intricate depictions of plants, animals, and other natural elements. One of Hirschvogel's most significant contributions to the world of art was his development of a new technique for etching. He used a combination of acid and wax to create intricate designs on metal plates, which were then used to produce prints. This technique allowed for much greater detail and precision than was previously possible, and it quickly became popular among other artists of the time. In addition to his work as an artist, Hirschvogel was also a skilled mathematician and astronomer. He was fascinated by the natural world and spent much of his life studying the stars and planets. This interest is reflected in many of his works, which often feature celestial motifs and astronomical symbols. Today, Hirschvogel's works are highly prized by collectors and art enthusiasts around the world. His innovative techniques and masterful use of perspective continue to inspire artists and designers to this day. Despite his significant contributions to the world of art and science, Hirschvogel remains a relatively obscure figure, and much of his life and work remains shrouded in mystery.
Augustin Hirschvogel, German artist, Renaissance period, etching, perspective, accuracy, nature, technique, acid, wax, precision, mathematician, astronomer, celestial motifs, innovation, masterful
Andrea Ciappesoni is an accomplished Italian designer who has made a name for himself in the art and design world. His unique approach to design blends traditional Italian style with modern, futuristic design, and he is renowned for his innovative use of materials. Ciappesoni's works often incorporate natural materials such as stone, glass, fibers, and graphite, as well as more innovative materials like plexiglas. He has a special mastery of three-dimensional design, which adds a remarkable sense of movement and depth to his work. Ciappesoni's commitment to excellence and innovation has earned him international recognition and admiration from his peers. He is a leader in the field of design and is renowned for his ability to push the boundaries of design. His works are highly sought after due to their excellent quality of craftsmanship and innovation. Ciappesoni's designs have been featured in various publications, including magazines and books, and his works are often featured in art galleries and exhibitions. In addition to his design work, Ciappesoni is also an experienced design thinker and creative strategist with a passion for developing innovative solutions to complex problems. He has extensive knowledge of digital technology and user experience design, allowing him to create meaningful and engaging experiences for users. He has a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, which ensures his strategic solutions are as effective as possible. Overall, Andrea Ciappesoni is a true innovator in the design world, constantly pushing the boundaries of design and creating remarkable and awe-inspiring pieces. His commitment to excellence and innovation has earned him international recognition and admiration from his peers, and his works continue to inspire and delight audiences around the world.
Italian designer, traditional Italian style, modern design, innovative materials, three-dimensional design, craftsmanship, innovation, design thinking, digital technology, user experience design
Antonio Belemo is a master of his craft, and his works are renowned for their unique blend of artistry and technical skill. His works are characterized by a distinct use of vibrant colour and a realist composition that bring to life the scenes he captures and depicts in his drawings, paintings and prints. His pieces often feature complex geometric shapes and abstract concepts, which make his works a source of inspiration for many designers. He has also been noted for his innovative use of texture, light and shadow which create a sense of depth and movement in his works. Furthermore, Belemo's works often explore themes of nature and the human experience, making them highly relatable and universally appealing.
Artistry, creativity, innovation, colour, texture.
Automobile seat cushions are a type of accessory used to provide additional comfort and support to the driver and passengers while sitting in a vehicle. These cushions are designed to be placed on top of the existing car seats, and they come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials to suit different preferences and needs. One of the primary benefits of automobile seat cushions is their ability to reduce pressure points and distribute weight evenly across the seat. This can help to alleviate discomfort and pain that may arise from sitting in a car for extended periods of time, especially during long road trips. Additionally, some seat cushions are designed to provide additional lumbar support, which can help to prevent back pain and improve posture. Another advantage of automobile seat cushions is their ability to improve air circulation and reduce sweating. Many cushions are made from breathable materials that allow air to flow freely, which can help to keep the driver and passengers cool and dry even on hot days. Some cushions also feature moisture-wicking properties that can help to absorb sweat and prevent odors from building up over time. Overall, automobile seat cushions are a simple yet effective way to enhance the comfort and ergonomics of a car's interior. Whether you're looking to reduce pressure points, improve posture, or simply add a touch of personal style to your vehicle, there are a wide variety of seat cushions available to suit your needs.
comfort, support, pressure points, lumbar support, posture
Antonio Belemo is a renowned Italian artist whose creative and innovative works have earned him worldwide recognition and critical acclaim. His signature style is characterized by his bold use of colour and his realist compositions, which bring to life the scenes he captures in his drawings, paintings and prints. His most notable works include ‘The Garden of Earthly Delights’, ‘The Venetian Silhouette’ and ‘The Rediscovery of Time’. Belemo has been featured in many international exhibitions and his works have been featured in various publications. He has also been the recipient of several prestigious awards and recognitions. For designers, Belemo’s works are a source of inspiration and provide a unique insight into the creative process.
Antonio Belemo, Italian artist, art, paintings, prints, awards, exhibitions, recognitions, creative process, inspiration.
Antoine Hérisset was a French artist and designer who gained acclaim for his innovative and emotive works of art. He was known for his ability to capture the beauty of nature and the emotion of the moment, often using vibrant colors and bold lines to convey his message. Hérisset was a pioneer in the art world, credited with revolutionizing the way artists approached their craft. He was deeply rooted in the French culture, with an emphasis on the power of nature and the importance of the everyday. His work was experimental and dynamic, often exploring various techniques and materials to create pieces that were unique and captivating. Hérisset's legacy continues to live on, with his work being exhibited in galleries and museums around the world. His pieces have been featured in publications and media outlets across the globe, inspiring artists and designers to push the boundaries of their craft. Hérisset's ability to bring life to the canvas and capture the essence of the moment has made him a beloved figure in the art world. His most celebrated works include Les Pommiers de la Meuse, The Woodcutter, and The Flight of the Swans, which continue to captivate art enthusiasts around the world.
Antoine Hérisset, French artist, designer, emotive, nature, experimental, innovative, vibrant, dynamic, legacy
Auto-Rocker Design is a type of mechanical engineering that involves the use of a rocker arm connected to a motor. The motor is used to cause the rocker arm to oscillate up and down, creating a rocking motion. This motion is used to create a rocking effect, which can be used in many applications, such as improving the operation of pumps and valves. It can also be used in robotics, allowing for smoother operation and improved accuracy when controlling multiple actuators.
Auto-Rocker Design, Mechanical Engineering, Rocker Arm, Motor, Oscillation, Robotics.
Albert Delstanche is a celebrated French artist whose works are renowned for their technical mastery, complexity, and emotional depth. His pieces span a variety of mediums, including sculpture and painting, and explore themes of humanity and its connection to the natural world. Delstanche's unique perspective and keen eye for detail have captivated viewers around the world, making him an important figure in the modern art scene. Born in France, Delstanche began his artistic career as a sculptor, creating intricate pieces that were full of movement and life. Over time, he expanded his repertoire to include painting, exploring new ways to express the human spirit through color and form. His works often feature intricate details and a unique perspective that speaks to the heart of viewers, evoking an emotional response that is both powerful and moving. Delstanche's most renowned pieces include the Heart of the Sea, Reflections, and Woman of the Forest, each of which offers a visual exploration of the human spirit and its connection to the natural world. His sculptures are particularly notable for their intricate details and dynamic movement, while his paintings are celebrated for their use of color and form to evoke a sense of emotion and depth. Today, Delstanche's works continue to inspire and move viewers around the world, making him an important figure in the world of modern art. His unique perspective and technical mastery have earned him critical acclaim and widespread recognition, cementing his place as one of the most important artists of his generation.
Albert Delstanche, French artist, technical mastery, complexity, emotional depth, sculpture, painting, humanity, natural world, unique perspective, intricate details, dynamic movement, color, form, modern art, critical acclaim
The architecture of Sudan is rooted in its long and diverse history, spanning from ancient times to the present. From the ancient Nubian kingdom of Kush to the Arab-Islamic period of the Funj Sultanate, Sudanese architecture has been shaped by its unique geographical location, cultural and religious influences, and technological advancements. The Nubian kingdom of Kush (c. 1500–350 BCE) was the first major civilization in Sudan, leaving behind many ruins and archaeological sites. During the Funj Sultanate (1504–1821), a distinct style of architecture emerged, characterized by the use of mud brick and the incorporation of Islamic elements. The 19th century saw the emergence of the Ottoman-influenced architecture of the Mahdist period, characterized by the use of brick, stone, and wood. During the 20th century, Sudan experienced a shift towards modernism and the introduction of new materials and technologies, with the construction of the University of Khartoum in the 1950s as a landmark example of modernist architecture.
Religion, colonialism, modernization, restoration, sustainability.
Architecture Parlante is the term used to describe a type of architecture which seeks to express its environment through a considered synthesis of form, materials, and media. This can take the form of buildings whose form and layout echo the topography and geography of their context, or even the political, cultural, and social dynamics which underpin the area they are located in. It is also often used to refer to buildings which seek to interact with their users, either through interactive elements or through the use of multimedia projection and other creative technology.
Architectural Expression, Creative Technology, Contextual Synthesis.
AI in Medical Diagnosis refers to the application of artificial intelligence technologies, including machine learning algorithms and deep learning networks, to interpret, predict, and diagnose medical conditions from patient data. This innovative approach leverages vast datasets, such as electronic health records, imaging scans, genetic information, and even real-time biometric data, to assist healthcare professionals in identifying diseases at earlier stages, predicting outcomes, and personalizing treatment plans. Unlike traditional diagnostic methods that rely solely on the subjective interpretation and expertise of medical practitioners, AI in medical diagnosis aims to augment human decision-making with data-driven insights, offering a more objective and precise analysis. However, it is not a replacement for human expertise or clinical judgment. Instead, it serves as a powerful tool that enhances the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis, reduces diagnostic errors, and facilitates a more patient-centric approach to healthcare. The integration of AI into medical diagnosis marks a significant shift towards more predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine, although it also raises ethical, privacy, and implementation challenges that must be carefully navigated.
Artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, healthcare technology, predictive analytics, personalized medicine, diagnostic accuracy
African Art is a diverse and expansive field encompassing the rich artistic traditions and cultural expressions of the African continent. It includes a wide array of media, such as sculpture, painting, textiles, ceramics, metalwork, and more, each reflecting the unique histories, beliefs, and aesthetics of the various cultures and regions within Africa. African art often serves functional and spiritual purposes, deeply intertwined with the social, religious, and political aspects of African societies. Masks, figurines, and other ceremonial objects play significant roles in rituals, celebrations, and rites of passage, embodying the connection between the physical and spiritual realms. The use of bold colors, intricate patterns, and stylized forms is a hallmark of many African art traditions, as seen in the vibrant kente cloths of Ghana, the elaborate bronzes of Benin, and the striking masks of the Dogon people. The influence of African art extends far beyond the continent, having profoundly impacted the development of modern and contemporary art movements worldwide, such as Cubism, Fauvism, and Expressionism. The study of African art continues to evolve, with scholars and artists alike exploring its complexities, challenging Western-centric narratives, and highlighting the immense creativity and cultural significance of African artistic expressions.
masks sculpture textiles ceramics metalwork rituals spirituality patterns
Architectural elements can be defined as the fundamental components of a building or structure which are responsible for its overall form, appearance and function. Architectural elements are usually large, structural components such as walls, columns, beams, roofs, windows, and doors. They can also include more minor components such as balustrades, fireplace mantels, moldings, and decorative finishes. The elements are generally engineered to perform specific functions and to fit together in order to create an integrated and harmonious whole. The design of these elements must take into account a variety of considerations such as aesthetic appeal, structural integrity, and cost effectiveness. As such, they are an important part of the overall design process.
Structure, Form, Aesthetics, Materiality, Proportion.
Anal fingering is a technique used in anime, comics, or manga to depict an action or a verb. It is used to show an intimate act between two or more people, usually involving the insertion of one or more fingers into the anus. This technique is often used to create an intense and intimate scene. It involves the use of finger positioning, angles, framing, shading, and depth of field in order to create a realistic and vivid illustration. The insertion of the finger and the slow and sensual nature of the act also serve to enhance the intimacy of the scene.
Anal fingering, anime, comics, manga, image composition, action verbs, finger insertion, finger positioning, angles, framing, shading, depth of field, illustration, intimacy.
The Académie des Beaux-Arts de Tournai, also known as the Ecole supérieure des Arts de Tournai, is a prestigious institution located in the historic city of Tournai, Belgium. It operates within the French Community of Belgium, a testament to the country's linguistic diversity and its commitment to fostering cultural and educational development across its different language communities. Founded in 1756, the academy stands as one of the oldest art schools in Belgium, embodying a rich heritage of artistic excellence and innovation. Over the centuries, it has played a pivotal role in nurturing the talents of countless artists, designers, and creatives, contributing significantly to the cultural and artistic landscape not only of Belgium but of Europe as a whole. The academy offers a comprehensive range of courses and programs across various disciplines of fine arts, catering to a diverse array of interests and career aspirations. These include Advertising and Publicity, Graphic Arts, Interior Design, Painting and Drawing, Textile Design, and Visual Arts. Each department is dedicated to providing a rigorous and immersive educational experience, blending traditional techniques with contemporary practices and theories. This multidisciplinary approach ensures that students are well-equipped to navigate the complexities of the modern art and design world, fostering creativity, critical thinking, and technical proficiency. In the realm of Advertising and Publicity, students are trained to conceptualize and execute compelling campaigns, marrying aesthetic sensibility with strategic communication skills. The Graphic Arts department delves into the intricacies of visual storytelling, typography, and digital design, preparing students for careers in publishing, branding, and digital media. Interior Design students explore the principles of space, form, and function, learning to create harmonious and sustainable environments. The Painting and Drawing department encourages students to develop their unique voice and vision, offering a deep dive into color theory, composition, and various painting and drawing techniques. Textile Design covers a broad spectrum of skills from fabric manipulation to pattern design, equipping students for the dynamic world of fashion and interior textiles. Lastly, the Visual Arts program offers a holistic view of contemporary art practices, encouraging experimentation across mediums and disciplines. The Académie des Beaux-Arts de Tournai's long-standing tradition of excellence is supported by a faculty of accomplished artists and professionals, who bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to the classroom. The academy's facilities are designed to foster creativity and innovation, featuring well-equipped studios, workshops, and exhibition spaces that allow students to explore and refine their craft. Furthermore, the institution's location in Tournai, a city with a rich artistic heritage, provides an inspiring backdrop for students, offering them a living canvas on which to draw their creative inspirations. Throughout its history, the Académie des Beaux-Arts de Tournai has remained committed to its mission of advancing the arts and cultivating the next generation of artists and designers. Its alumni have gone on to achieve recognition and success in various fields of the arts, contributing to the academy's reputation as a beacon of artistic excellence in Belgium and beyond. As it continues to evolve and adapt to the changing landscape of art and design education, the academy remains a vital institution, shaping the creative minds that will define the future of the arts.
Académie des Beaux-Arts de Tournai - Ecole supérieure des Arts de Tournai
Advertising Musical Instruments refers to the various methods and techniques used to promote and market musical instruments and related products. It involves creating and disseminating messages that aim to inform, persuade, and influence potential customers to buy musical instruments. Advertising Musical Instruments is a crucial aspect of the music industry, as it helps manufacturers and retailers to reach out to their target audience and increase their sales. One of the most effective ways to advertise musical instruments is through endorsements by famous musicians. When a well-known artist endorses a particular brand of musical instrument, it can significantly increase the brand's visibility and credibility. This is because fans of the artist are more likely to trust and emulate their idols, leading to increased sales for the endorsed brand. Another important aspect of Advertising Musical Instruments is the use of digital marketing techniques. With the rise of social media platforms, manufacturers and retailers can now reach out to a wider audience through targeted advertising campaigns. This involves creating engaging content, such as videos and images, that showcase the features and benefits of the musical instruments. Additionally, companies can use search engine optimization (SEO) techniques to ensure that their websites appear at the top of search engine results pages (SERPs) when potential customers search for musical instruments. In conclusion, Advertising Musical Instruments is an essential aspect of the music industry, as it helps manufacturers and retailers to promote their products and reach out to their target audience. By using a combination of traditional and digital marketing techniques, companies can increase their visibility, credibility, and sales.
Musical instruments, advertising, endorsements, digital marketing, social media
Verification and Validation (V&V) of aircraft flight control systems is a critical and time consuming task in the development of a safe and reliable aircraft. It requires a comprehensive and rigorous process to ensure that the design, implementation and operation of the flight control system meets all of the functional and non-functional requirements that were set by the customer. This process can involve a variety of tests such as simulated system testing, analyzing flight data from actual flights, and using fault-tolerance techniques. It also requires a careful review of the design, implementation and operation of the system to identify any potential problems and areas for improvement. The goal of the V&V process is to provide confidence that the flight control system is designed and implemented to the highest standards and that it will perform as expected. As the development of the flight control system moves forward, designers must be aware of the potential pitfalls that can arise during the V&V process. They must also be aware of the importance of ensuring that their design meets the customer's requirements and is implemented to the highest standards. This requires the designers to be creative in their approach and to use the latest technologies and best practices to ensure that the system meets the customer's expectations.
Aircraft Flight Control System Validation,
The Italian Fine Artist Andrea Mantegna was known for his grace and beauty in his works which included the iconic ‘The Dead Christ’, ‘The Adoration of the Magi’, ‘The Madonna of the Quarry’ and ‘The Triumph of Caesar’. He also developed an innovation for the times in the practice of one-point perspective. His works have earned him a well deserved place in the pantheon of great art forms as he was able to create a level of realism with his painting that was unmatched. Mantegna’s ability to portray spiritual, emotional and intellectual aspects of his paintings led him to be known as one of the greatest works of the Renaissance.
Andrea Mantegna, Italian Fine Artist, Renaissance, artwork, paintings, artistry, realism.
Ana Gonzalez is a fashion designer renowned for her unique approach to constructing womenswear. She focuses on providing clothing that is comfortable and modern, while still exuding a sense of femininity and sophistication. Her designs draw inspiration from architectural structures and feature experimental techniques such as deconstruction, draping, and fabric manipulation. Notable works created by Ana include her “Ripple” collection, her “Stardust” collection, and her “The Night Sky” exhibition.
Fashion designer, Ana Gonzalez, womenswear, structural designs, experimental techniques.
Awards For Literature are the awards presented to recognize and honor the very best in literary works, specifically within a business context. Winning an Award For Literature can help lift the public image of a company, and prove to consumers that the business offers quality, creative original materials and literature. Participation in esteemed design awards such as the A' Design Awards can help increase visibility and prestige for literature awards, as recognition of literary excellence is increasingly viewed as a sign of brand value.
Awards for Literature, Literary Awards, Literary Achievement.
Amanda Guest is a renowned British artist who has made a name for herself in the art world through her unique style and masterful use of multiple mediums. She is widely recognized for her ability to blend figuration and abstraction to create landscapes and portraits that are both vibrant and dreamlike. Her works are known for their ability to evoke emotion and imagination in the viewer, and have been exhibited in galleries around the world. Guest's art is characterized by its use of bold colors, intricate details, and a sense of movement that draws the viewer in. Her landscapes often feature sweeping vistas and lush, vibrant environments that seem to come alive on the canvas. Her portraits, on the other hand, are more intimate and personal, capturing the essence of her subjects in a way that is both honest and empathetic. Despite her success, Guest remains humble and grounded, and is known for her generosity and willingness to mentor young artists. She is passionate about using her art to make a positive impact on the world, and has been involved in a number of charitable initiatives over the years. Overall, Amanda Guest is a true master of her craft, whose works continue to inspire and captivate audiences around the world.
Amanda Guest, British artist, multiple mediums, figuration, abstraction, landscapes, portraits, vibrant, dreamlike, emotion, imagination, galleries, bold colors, intricate details, movement, intimate, personal, honest, empathetic, mentor, charitable initi
Architecture and design can play a significant role in storytelling and narratives by creating immersive and symbolic environments that reflect the characters and their journey. Through the use of various architectural forms, styles, and design elements, storytellers can convey themes, emotions, and ideas that enrich the narrative and captivate the audience. A good example of storytelling and design integration can be seen in the film Inception, where the architecture of dreams becomes a central motif. The cityscapes reflect the subconscious landscapes of the characters, and the use of staircases, mazes, and shifting perspectives further accentuate the dream-like quality of the narrative. The design elements create an otherworldly and surreal atmosphere that enhances the narrative's themes of perception, memory, and the subconscious. Designing for storytelling and narratives requires a deep understanding of the characters, themes, and tone of the work. The location, color palettes, materials, and lighting must be carefully curated to evoke the desired emotions and create the desired effect on the audience. The setting must provide clues and context for the narrative, and the use of symbolism and metaphor can enhance the story's themes and provide multilayered meaning. In conclusion, architecture and design can be powerful tools for conveying meaning and enhancing stories and narratives. By using design elements to create immersive and symbolic environments, storytellers can evoke emotion, communicate ideas, and captivate the audience's imagination.
Architecture, Design, Storytelling, Narratives, Immersive experiences
The Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles - Ecole supérieure des Arts, situated in the heart of Brussels, Belgium, within the French Community, stands as a venerable institution dedicated to the cultivation and education in a wide array of artistic disciplines. Founded in 1999, this institution has rapidly established itself as a beacon of artistic and creative education, offering a comprehensive and diverse range of courses and programs that cater to various facets of the arts. The academy's departments are meticulously structured to encompass a broad spectrum of artistic fields, ensuring a holistic and in-depth approach to arts education. Among its offerings, the academy provides courses in Plastic Arts, Visual Arts, and Graphic Arts, which are further subdivided into specialized areas such as Architectural and Environmental Design, Communication Arts, Engraving, Fine Arts, Graphic Arts, Interior Design, Painting and Drawing, Photography, Sculpture, Textile Design, Visual Arts, and Weaving. This extensive range of disciplines underscores the academy's commitment to nurturing creativity and innovation across all forms of artistic expression. Furthermore, the institute's dedication to the performing arts is exemplified through its Arts and Choreography department, which offers specialized training in Dance and Fine Arts. This department is particularly notable for its emphasis on the integration of traditional artistic principles with contemporary practices and theories, thereby preparing students for the evolving dynamics of the global art scene. The academy's pedagogical approach is characterized by a blend of theoretical instruction and practical application, facilitated by a faculty comprised of accomplished artists and scholars who bring a wealth of professional experience and academic expertise to the classroom. This ensures that students receive a well-rounded education that not only hones their technical skills but also fosters critical thinking, creativity, and a deep appreciation for the aesthetic and cultural dimensions of the arts. The Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles - Ecole supérieure des Arts is not only a place of learning but also a vibrant community of artists, designers, and thinkers who are actively engaged in the exploration and reinterpretation of artistic boundaries. The academy frequently hosts exhibitions, workshops, and seminars that provide students with the opportunity to showcase their work, engage with the artistic community, and gain exposure to new ideas and perspectives. These events are integral to the academy's mission of promoting artistic innovation and cultural exchange, both within Belgium and on an international scale. In summary, the Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles - Ecole supérieure des Arts represents a pivotal institution in the landscape of arts education in Belgium. Through its comprehensive curriculum, expert faculty, and dynamic community, the academy continues to play a crucial role in shaping the next generation of artists and creative professionals. Its commitment to excellence, innovation, and inclusivity makes it a model for arts education, offering students not only the skills and knowledge necessary to excel in their chosen fields but also the inspiration and vision to contribute meaningfully to the cultural and artistic heritage of Belgium and beyond.
Académie royale des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles - Ecole supérieure des Arts
Alphonse Le Blondel is a celebrated French artist renowned for his masterful marine paintings and sketches. His works are renowned for their brilliant use of light, vivid colors, and intricate attention to detail. His iconic works, such as Les Voiles a L'Horizon, Le Banc de Sable and La Vie a Bord, are cherished by art collectors around the world. His works are characterized by his bold use of perspective and his ability to capture the essence of life at sea.
Realism, marine art, impressionism, oil painting, seascape.
Acoustic guitars are stringed musical instruments that produce sound acoustically by transmitting the vibration of the strings to the air—as opposed to electric guitars, which rely on electronic amplification. The sound waves from the strings of an acoustic guitar resonate through the guitar's body, creating sound. This type of guitar is typically made of wood and has six strings, although variations with more or fewer strings are also available. Unlike their electric counterparts, acoustic guitars do not require external amplification, making them portable and convenient for a wide range of settings, from intimate performances to larger acoustic sessions. The design of acoustic guitars has evolved over centuries, with origins tracing back to early stringed instruments. The modern acoustic guitar comes in various shapes and sizes, each offering different tonal qualities. The most common types include the classical guitar, which uses nylon strings and is favored for classical and flamenco music, and the steel-string guitar, which is used in a variety of music genres including folk, country, and rock. The construction of an acoustic guitar involves precise craftsmanship, with the body's top (or soundboard), back, and sides affecting the quality and character of the sound. The soundboard is particularly crucial, as its vibrations amplify the sound produced by the strings. Moreover, the shape and construction of the guitar's body determine its resonance and volume, with larger bodies typically producing louder, fuller sounds. Acoustic guitars hold a significant place in music history and culture, symbolizing musical expression across genres and generations. They have been instrumental in the development of many music genres and continue to be favored by musicians for their rich, natural sound and versatility. The acoustic guitar's enduring popularity is also due to its accessibility; it is often chosen as a starting instrument for beginners due to its straightforward design and playability. Despite technological advancements and the emergence of electronic music, the acoustic guitar remains a beloved staple in music, celebrated for its ability to convey emotion and connect performers with audiences in a direct and intimate manner.
acoustic, strings, music, wood, craftsmanship, resonance
Apel·les Mestres i Oñós was an influential figure in the world of art and culture. His works were renowned for their technical prowess and emotional resonance. His most famous works include El Desconsol, El Viatge de la Bruixa and L'Elefant Blau, all of which demonstrate his skill in creating thought-provoking works. His paintings and sculptures are celebrated for their vivid colours and intricate designs and have become a source of inspiration to other artists.
Apel·les Mestres i Oñós, art, culture, paintings, sculptures, El Desconsol
Andrew Boog Faithfull is a highly respected artist, designer, and educator who has gained international acclaim for his unique and innovative approach to art. His portfolio is full of captivating works that range from abstract oil paintings to striking photographs and sculptures. Andrew's works are known for their ability to evoke emotion and make a lasting impression on viewers. He draws inspiration from the natural world and uses light and color to create pieces that capture the beauty of the environment. In addition to being an accomplished artist, Andrew is also a sought-after speaker and educator. He regularly gives talks and lectures on creativity and its role in art, and he is a passionate advocate for art and design education. He encourages young people to explore their creative potential and to push the boundaries of their craft. Andrew's art has been exhibited in numerous galleries and museums around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art and the Tate Modern. His works have also been featured in publications such as Artforum, The New York Times, and The Guardian. Andrew's distinctively creative eye and unique style of painting, photography, sculpture, and installation have captivated viewers and established him as a leading figure in the art world. Overall, Andrew Boog Faithfull is a highly talented and inspiring artist who has made a significant impact on the art world. His works are highly sought after and have earned him impressive accolades. His dedication to creativity and education has also made him a respected figure in the art community.
artist, designer, educator, innovation, creativity
Layout is the strategic arrangement and organization of visual elements within a defined space, serving as a fundamental principle in design that governs how different components interact and communicate with one another. This sophisticated practice encompasses the thoughtful positioning of text, images, shapes, and other design elements to create a cohesive and effective visual hierarchy that guides the viewer's attention and facilitates information processing. The historical evolution of layout design can be traced back to early manuscript illumination and printing practices, developing through various artistic movements and technological advances to become an essential aspect of contemporary visual communication. Layout design operates on core principles including balance, alignment, proximity, contrast, and white space management, which work in concert to achieve both aesthetic appeal and functional effectiveness. Professional designers employ grid systems, modular frameworks, and sophisticated compositional techniques to ensure consistent and harmonious arrangements across different media platforms. The digital revolution has significantly expanded layout possibilities, introducing responsive design concepts that adapt to various screen sizes and viewing contexts while maintaining visual integrity. Contemporary layout design must consider accessibility standards, user experience principles, and cross-cultural design implications to create inclusive visual solutions. The field continues to evolve with emerging technologies and changing consumer behaviors, as recognized by design competitions such as the A' Design Award, which evaluates layout excellence across various categories including digital media, print, and environmental design.
Composition, visual hierarchy, grid systems, white space, alignment, responsive design
Alexander Jackson Davis was more than just an architect and designer; he was also a tastemaker of his time. His designs, which were often inspired by his knowledge of the classical style, demonstrated his understanding of the aesthetics of the period. His works featured a combination of both classical and Gothic Revival influences, which he skillfully blended together to create a style that was both timeless and elegant. Davis was also a master at creating harmonious interiors and exteriors, often incorporating elements of nature into his designs in order to create a sense of balance and proportion. His works, which continue to be admired today, reflect his passion for creating beautiful and functional spaces that are both aesthetically pleasing and technically sound.
Alexander Jackson Davis, architecture, design, Gothic Revival, classical.
Aerospace structures are components of aircraft, spacecraft and launch vehicles that are designed to provide the required strength, load-bearing capability, stiffness, and other structural characteristics. These structures are typically composed of metallic, composite and synthetic materials, and are constructed to meet specific requirements for strength and geometry. Aerospace structures often employ advanced analytical and design techniques such as finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics.
Aerospace Structures, Aircraft Components, Composite Materials, Synthetic Materials, Finite Element Analysis, Computational Fluid Dynamics
Accolade Design Competition is a highly regarded international competition that recognizes and celebrates outstanding design works. The competition is open to designers from all over the world, and it provides them with a platform to showcase their talents and creativity. The competition is organized by A' Design Awards, an international organization that is dedicated to promoting excellence in design. One of the key aspects of the Accolade Design Competition is its focus on innovation and creativity. The competition encourages designers to think outside the box and come up with unique and original ideas. It recognizes and rewards designs that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and practical. Another important aspect of the Accolade Design Competition is its rigorous evaluation process. The competition is judged by a panel of international experts who have extensive experience in the design industry. The judges evaluate the entries based on a range of criteria, including originality, functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. Winning the Accolade Design Competition is a significant achievement for any designer. It provides them with international recognition and exposure, which can help them to establish themselves as leading figures in the design industry. The competition also provides designers with valuable feedback and critiques from the judges, which can help them to improve their skills and refine their designs. In summary, the Accolade Design Competition is a highly respected international competition that celebrates excellence in design. It provides designers with a platform to showcase their talents and creativity, and it recognizes and rewards designs that are innovative, functional, and aesthetically pleasing.
A' Design Awards, international competition, innovation, creativity, evaluation process
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