Minium, also known as red lead, is a bright red pigment that has been used for centuries in various applications. Its chemical formula is Pb3O4, and it is composed of lead oxide and lead tetroxide. The pigment is produced by heating lead oxide in the presence of air, which causes it to react and form lead tetroxide. Minium is highly valued for its brilliant red color, which is resistant to fading and discoloration. Minium has been used as a pigment since ancient times, and it was particularly popular in the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods. It was used to create red paint for illuminated manuscripts, as well as for frescoes, ceramics, and glassware. In the 18th and 19th centuries, minium was used as a coating for metal objects to protect them from corrosion. However, minium is highly toxic and can cause lead poisoning if ingested or inhaled. As a result, its use has been largely phased out in modern times, and it is no longer used in most applications. In addition, the production of minium has been largely replaced by synthetic pigments that are less toxic and more stable. Despite its toxicity, minium remains an important historical pigment, and it is still used by some artists and conservators who specialize in historical restoration. Its bright red color and unique properties make it a valuable tool for recreating the art and artifacts of the past.
pigment, lead oxide, lead tetroxide, toxicity, restoration
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